Published: 2013-10-29
ISBN: 978-91-7519-461-5
ISSN: 1650-3686 (print), 1650-3740 (online)
Previous research in the field of nonverbal behaviour and communication has neglected a possible link between simple leg and foot posture and movement (or bipedic gesture) and the expression of attitudes and emotions. The present investigation explored this link in two studies; Study 1 employed analysis of a corpus that consisted of video recordings of first encounter dyadic interaction alongside interactants’ self-reported measures of liking for their conversation partner. Study 2 employed a quasi-experimental design whereby participants were asked to interpret liking between interactants portrayed by mannequin dolls. The results from both studies support a link between certain bipedic gestures and the expression of attitudes and emotions. It is hoped that these findings stimulate further research on this neglected part of the human body and its communicative affordances.
Argyle; M. (1988). Bodily Communication (2nd edit). London: Routledge.
Bohner; G. & Dickel; N. (2011). Attitudes and Attitude Change; Annual Review of Psychology; 62; 391-417.
Coolican; H. (1994). Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology (2nd ed.). London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Dael; N.; Mortillaro; M. & Scherer; K. R.; (2012). The Body Action and Posture Coding System (BAP): Development and Reliability. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior; 36; 97-121.
Dael; N. & Scherer; K. R. (2011). Emotion expression in body action and posture. Emotion; 12(3); 1085-1101.
Dittmann; A. T.; Parloff; M. B. & Boomer; D. S. (1965). Facial and Bodily Expression: A study of Receptivity of Emotional Cues. Psychiatry; 28; 239-244.
Dittmann; A. T. and Llewellyn; L. G.; (1969). Body Movement and Speech Rhythm in Social Conversation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 11(2); 98-106.
Ekman; P. & Friesen; W. V. (1967). Head and Body Cues in the Judgment of Emotion: A Reformulation. Perceptual and Motor Skills; 24; 711-724.
Ekman; P. & Friesen; W. (1969a). Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception. Psychiatry; 32(1); 88-105.
Ekman; P. & Friesen; W. (1969b). The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories; Origins; Usage and Coding; Semiotica; 1; 49-98.
Harrigan; J. A. (2008). Proxemics; kinesics; and gaze. In: Harrigan; J. A.; Rosenthal; R. & Scherer; K. R. (Eds.) (2008). The new handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavior Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press; pp. 137-198.
Harrigan; J. A.; Oxman; T. E.; & Rosenthal; R. (1985). Rapport expressed through nonverbal Behaviour; Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour; 9(2); 95-110.
James; T. (1932). A Study of the Expression of Bodily Posture; Journal of General Psychology; 7; 405-437.
Lecci; L.; Snowden; J. & Morris; D. (2008). Using Social Science to Inform and Evaluate the Contributions of Trial Consultants in the Voir Dire. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice; 4(2); 67-78.
Little; K. B. (1968). Cultural Variations in Social Schemata; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 10(1); 1-7.
Mehrabian; A. (1972/2007). Nonverbal Communication. London: Aldine Transaction.
Mehrabian; A. (1969). Significance of Posture and Position in the Communication of Attitude and Status Relationships. Psychological Bulletin; 71(5); 359-372.
Mehrabian; A.; (1968). Relationship of Attitude to Seated Posture; Orientation and Distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 10(1); 26-30.
Navarro; J. (2008). What Every Body is Saying – An Ex-FBI Agent’s Guide to Speed-Reading People. New York: Harper.
Paggio; P.; Allwood; J.; Ahlsén; E.; Jokinen.; K. & Navaretta; C. (2010). The NOMCO Multimodal Nordic Resource – Goals and Characteristics. In Calzolari; N.; Choukri; K.; Maegaard; B.; Mariani; J.; Odijk; J.; Piperidis; S.; Rosner; M. & Tapias; D. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’10) Valletta; Malta. May 19-21. European Language Resources Association (ELRA).
Pease; A. (1991). Body Language – How to read others’ thoughts by their gestures. London: Sheldon Press.
Pfeiffer; T.; Liguda; C.; Wachsmuth; I. & Stein; S. (2011). Living with a Virtual Agent: Seven Years with an Embodied Conversational Agent at the Heinz Nixdorf Museums Forum. In: Barbieri; S.; Scott; K. & Ciolfi; L. (Eds.); Proceedings of the Re-Thinking Technology in Museums 2011 - Emerging Experiences. Limerick: Think Creative and The University of Limerick; pp. 121.131.
Salomonson; N.; Allwood; J.; Lind; M. & Alm; H. (2013). Comparing Human-to-Human and Human-to-AEA Communication in Service Encounters. Journal of Business Communication; 50(1); 87-116.
Scheflen; A. E. (1964). The Significance of Posture in Communication Systems. Psychiatry; 27; 316-331.
Scheflen; A. E. (1965). Quasi-courtship Behavior in Psychotherapy. Psychiatry; 27; 316-331.
Shadish; W. R.; Cook; T. D. & Campbell; D. T. (2002). Experimental & Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Melbourne: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Smith-Hanen; S. S. (1977). Effects of Nonverbal Behaviors on Judged Levels of Counselor Warmth and Empathy; Journal of Counseling Psychology; 24(2); 87-91.
Wachsmuth; I. (2008). ‘I; Max’ – Communicating with an artificial agent. In: Wachsmuth; I. and Knoblich; G. (Eds.); Modeling Communication with Robots and Virtual Humans. Berlin: Springer; pp.279-295.
